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翻訳と辞書　辞書検索 [ 開発暫定版 ] スポンサード リンク Christianity in the 3rd century ： ウィキペディア英語版 Christianity in the 3rd century (詳細はAnte-Nicene Fathers who wrote after the Apostolic Fathers of the 1st and 2nd centuries but before the First Council of Nicaea in 325 (''ante-nicene'' meaning ''before Nicaea''). As the Roman Empire experienced the Crisis of the Third Century, the emperor Decius enacted measures intended to restore stability and unity, including a requirement that Roman citizens affirm their loyalty through religious ceremonies pertaining to Imperial cult. In 212, universal citizenship had been granted to all freeborn inhabitants of the empire, and with the edict of Decius enforcing religious conformity in 250, Christian citizens faced an intractable conflict: any citizen who refused to participate in the empire-wide ''supplicatio'' was subject to the death penalty.〔Allen Brent, ''Cyprian and Roman Carthage'' (Cambridge University Press, 2010), p. 193ff. ''et passim''; G.E.M. de Ste. Croix, ''Christian Persecution, Martyrdom, and Orthodoxy,'' edited by Michael Whitby and Joseph Streeter (Oxford University Press, 2006), p. 59.〕 Although lasting only a year,〔Ste. Croix, ''Christian Persecution, Martyrdom, and Orthodoxy,'' p. 107.〕 the Decian persecution was a severe departure from previous imperial policy that Christians were not to be sought out and prosecuted as inherently disloyal.〔Ste. Croix, ''Christian Persecution, Martyrdom, and Orthodoxy,'' p. 40.〕 Even under Decius, orthodox Christians were subject to arrest only for their refusal to participate in Roman civic religion, and were not prohibited from assembling for worship. Gnostics seem not to have been persecuted.〔Ste. Croix, ''Christian Persecution, Martyrdom, and Orthodoxy,'' pp. 139–140〕 Christianity flourished during the four decades known as the "Little Peace of the Church", beginning with the reign of Gallienus (253–268), who issued the first official edict of tolerance regarding Christianity.〔Françoise Monfrin, entry on "Milan," p. 986, and Charles Piétri, entry on "Persecutions," p. 1156, in ''The Papacy: An Encyclopedia,'' edited by Philippe Levillain (Routlege, 2002, originally published in French 1994), vol. 2; Kevin Butcher, ''Roman Syria and the Near East'' (Getty Publications, 2003), p. 378.〕 The era of coexistence ended when Diocletian launched the final and "Great" Persecution in 303. ==Early Christianity== 抄文引用元・出典: フリー百科事典『 ウィキペディア（Wikipedia）』 ■ウィキペディアで「Christianity in the 3rd century」の詳細全文を読む スポンサード リンク 翻訳と辞書 : 翻訳のためのインターネットリソース Copyright(C) kotoba.ne.jp 1997-2016. All Rights Reserved.